5. Artifactual communication
A channel that uses human-made messages to communicate
6. Smell Communication
also known as Olfactics/Olfactory, which means communication that is affected by odors/smell
7. Haptics
Also known as touch communication. this channel could be considered as the most primitive form of non-verbal communication because it is the first sense that is fully developed before a baby born.
Touch may contain several meanings:
- positive emotions
- playfulness
- control
- ritual
- task-relatedness
For example, it is inappropriate to touch one's face when you are talking to someone, but it would be fine to touch one's shoulder/arm during a conversation.
8. Paralanguage
The sound produce in your speech(not the words), including the rate of speech, the pitch, volume, accent, etc
eg. people might think that you are getting angry when you raise your volume and pitch in your speech
9. Silence
It might be very effective if it was used in correct timing.
it has several functions:
- to have time to think before speaking
- silent treatment/cold war is a way of using silence to protest something
- a way to respond threatening
- to express anxiety/ shyness
- to avoid responding to certain topic
- to convey an emotional response, such as defiance or annoyance
10. Chronemics
also known as Time communication, which means the way you organise time and react to time
People with PAST orientation usually be more traditional and tend to do something with old methods
People with PRESENT orientation usually forget about the past and do no plan for tomorrow. they just let everything be in nature.
People with FUTURE orientation always making plans, setting goals and looking forward, they always think a lot about their future, so they are more organized.
Culture and Non-Verbal Communication
Different cultures always have different ways in their communication. Here are the few aspect we are going to discuss.
Culture and gestures
A body gesture may be defined differently by different culture.
eg. OK sign
this gesture means OKAY in most of the countries all over the world, however, there are a few exceptions. In Brazil and Argentina, it represents ASSHOLE, but in Japan, it represents MONEY.
Culture and Facial expression
the difference of facial expression in culture is often affected by the permissibility of the public.
eg. Asians usually control themselves from laughing out loudly because it is impolite to the speakers, but Americans don't care- they just laugh out loud when they feels happy.
Culture and Colours
Different cultures define colours differently.
eg. For chinese, wearing a red shirt to attend a funeral is greatly inappropriate because red represents happiness, you should not feel happy when someone died unless you are trying to insult him/her. wearing a black shirt during chinese new year is not encourage because black represents bad luck.
Culture and eye communication
Most cultures encourage people to have eye contact in a communication, but there's always exceptions.
For example, Japanese rarely see eye-to-eye level when they greet the bow to each others.
Culture and Touch
For some cultures, touching someone when communicating is impolite and inappropriate. (eg. northern European countries and Japan) While some cultures greatly encourage people to physically contact with each others.(eg. Southern European countries and middle east countries)
Culture- Paralanguage and Silence
in Japan, valued silence is greatly appreciated while in the most of the countries, silence is impolite to the speaker in a conversation.
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