Confirmation and Disconfirmation(cont.)
There are several aspects that involved in Confirmation and Disconformation. They are:
- Racism: Discrimination to the other races
- Sexism : Discrimination to the other gender
- Heterosexism : Discrimination to the other sexuality
- Ageism : Discrimination to the other age, especially to the children or elder people.
We should avoid involving in any kinds of discrimination stated above. generally, there are some ways to avoid them:
- Avoid offensive language
- Respect the others
Cultural identifier
Cultural identifier refers to the preferred terms which are widely used in talking / speaking of different cultures (language that is free of racism, sexism, heterosexism and ageism). We should be sensitive and avoid offensive languages to different
- Race and nationality
- affectional orientation
- age and sex
Using verbal messages effectively
Verbal messages can be:- Symbolize reality
- express both facts and inference
- be relatively static
- obscure distinctions
Symbolize reality
Verbal message are often used to symbolize something, event, situation, people, etc, it doesn't mean that the message is exactly same with the reality. (Message symbolize reality, not represent reality)
- Eg. When somebody says UCSI is good, doesn't mean that it is really good, just that the person who said that believed it is good.
People used to judge someone/something before they really know it. When people do so, they fell into the trap of Intensional orientation. We should avoid practising Intensional orientation but Extensional orientation which means that knowing the person/things/situation/event before judging it.
- Eg. Students often believe that Physics is difficult because everyone say so. They believe it is hard before they know it.(intensional orientation) if people tried to learn it and study hard, they will find that physics is not as hard as they think.(extensional orientation)
Messages express facts and inferences
Message could be misleading because it always infused with emotions, feelings, thoughts, etc. Therefore, we have to bear in mind that messages must be made up of facts but not inference.
We should avoid inferential statements in our speech when we convey a message. Factual statements are encouraged to be used to prevent confusion.
For an example:
- Factual statements - I like to eat Cheeseburger. (Listener would immediately know your preference)
- Inferential statements - I don't like Cheeseburger. (Listener might be confused-- so what do you like to eat? Chicken burger? Beef Burger? Fried Chicken? Pizza?)
Message can be relatively static
Humans tend to retain the old evaluation despite it may change from time to time. They failed to recognize the past does not dictate the present or future. Such incident is called Static Evaluation.
eg. Some people think that homosexuality is wrong because they think it is a choice- they choose to be homosexual. However, scientists have proven that homosexuality is not a choice, therefore people could not decide to be heterosexual or homosexual. These people do not update their information and still evaluate homosexual people with outdated thoughts, which shows that messages they received are relatively static.
Message can obscure distinction
Message that is not specific can be confusing because it generalize context and surroundings. Thus, it blurs the distinction between people, object, events etc
Indiscrimination
People who could not distinguish different people, objects or event that are similar
Eg. Some people from China could not distinguish the difference between Malays and Malaysia-borned Chinese.
Polarization
The tendency to think in only 2 extremes. For these people, they do not allow the possibility of a middle of a ground.
Eg. Some people could not accept Transgender because there are only 2 gender in their mind: male and female. They could not accept a man possesses female's personality and vice versa.
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